The Effect of Pain Management Education on Nurses' Pain Knowledge and Attitudes.

BACKGROUND: Pain is a nursing diagnosis. As such, it should be evaluated and recorded regularly. Nurses should possess a high level of pain management knowledge and a positive attitude toward pain, as these are the most important factors affecting pain control and management in children. AIM: To evaluate the effect of the pain management training provided to pediatric nurses on their pain knowledge and attitudes. METHODS: The study, conducted as a pretest-posttest experiment with a control group, was carried out from January-March 2019 with 61 nurses in the institutions of the Ministry of Health in Turkey. The content of the pain management for children education consisted of the definition of pain, pain theories, factors affecting pain, pain in children, the effects of pain on children, pain symptoms in children, perception of pain according to the developmental levels of children, false beliefs, and facts about pain, pain assessment, and factors preventing pain control in children. Data were obtained using the Personal Information Form, the Pediatric Pain Information form, and an Attitude Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a chi-square test, a t test, and validity and reliability analyses. All ethical principles were adhered to. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between the nurses' pain knowledge and attitudes on the pretest scores in the experimental and control groups, while the mean posttest scores of the nurses in the experimental group increased significantly (p < .001). As for the pain and knowledge sub-dimensions of nurses in the experimental and control groups, no significant difference was found between the pretest scores for care, pain physiology, painless medication methods, pain relief with medication, pain psychology, and sociology. The mean posttest scores in all subdimensions increased significantly in favor of nurses in the experimental group (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Mean posttest scores of pain knowledge and attitude and subdimensions of the nurses in the experimental group increased significantly, indicating that nurses' knowledge deficiencies in the realm of strong pediatric pain management can be overcome by education, and that their attitudes can be improved.

The effect of nursing interventions with therapeutic play and video animations prepared with psychodrama technique in reducing fear, anxiety, and pain of children at male circumcision: A randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: This research was carried out to reduce the fear, anxiety and pain of 4-6 age circumcised children with therapeutic play and video animation interventions. METHODS: This research was conducted as a randomized controlled study between November 2019 and April 2021. Using block randomization, 30 (n = 30) children were assigned to the control group, 30 (n = 30) to the therapeutic puppet group and 30 (n = 30) to the video animation group. Before the circumcision surgery, therapeutic puppet and video animation interventions were applied to children with scenario prepared with psychodrama technique. Fear, anxiety, and pain findings of children before and after surgery were determined. RESULTS: The fear and anxiety scores of the children were similar before the nursing intervention in all groups, and that the fear and anxiety scores of therapeutic puppet play and video animation intervention groups had statistically lower than the control group after nursing intervention. The pain scores of the children from the therapeutic puppet play and video animation groups had lower pain scores than the control group after surgery (F = 5.24, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic play and video animation intervention can be effective in reducing fear and anxiety of children aged 4-6 before and after circumcision surgery.

Effects of smelling amniotic fluid on preterm infant's pain and stress during peripheral cannulation: A randomized controlled trial.

AIM: To investigate the effect of smelling amniotic fluid on preterm infants' pain and stress caused by peripheral cannulation. METHODS: This was a randomized controlled trial. The study sample consisted of 80 preterm infants meeting the case selection criteria and infants were randomly assigned to each group. However, in addition to the infants excluded from the study, total number of the infants in all the groups was 61. Infants in the amniotic fluid group smelled amniotic fluid for 15 min before, during, and after the application of peripheral cannulation while those in the control group received routine care during the procedure. The Premature Infant Pain Profile was used to assess their pain levels, and salivary cortisol analysis was performed to evaluate stress levels. RESULTS: Preterm infants in the amniotic fluid and control groups had similar baseline characteristics. However, the pain levels of infants in the amniotic fluid group were significantly lower than of those in the control group during and after the procedure. After the procedure, cortisol levels of the infants in the amniotic fluid group were lower than of those in the control group, although this difference was not significant. CONCLUSION: The intervention of smelling amniotic fluid is a practice that can be used for reducing pain and stress of preterm infants during peripheral cannulation.

Turkish children loved distraction: using kaleidoscope to reduce perceived pain during venipuncture.

AIM: To assess the effect of distraction (looking through kaleidoscopes) to reduce perceived pain, during venipuncture in healthy school-age children. BACKGROUND: Distraction has been noted to be an effective method to help children cope with painful procedures. In the studies carried out, although it was found out that distraction made with different distracters reduced the pain of venipuncture, there is only one study confirming analgesic effect of distracters. DESIGN: The study was carried out as an intervention-control group design. METHOD: Children (n = 206), in whom venipuncture was applied in a laboratory for examination between the dates January-September 2006, were included in the study. The data were obtained by a form determining introductory features of the children and Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale and Visual Analogue Scale evaluating the pain. Descriptive statistics was used in the assessment of the data and t-test was used in comparisons of dependent-independent groups. RESULTS: Pain levels of the children according to both scales in intervention group were lower than those of control group. But, it was detected that the distinction between score averages of intervention and control group of Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, not Visual Analogue Scale, was statistically significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: It was detected that the distraction made with kaleidoscope effectively reduced the pain related to venipuncture in healthy school children and that some features of the children influenced the perception of pain. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Distraction with kaleidoscope is a method, which the nurse will be able to use for venipuncture to obtain optimal pain control. In addition, it is important for a nurse to know some features about the children for a pain free and positive experience.

Turkish adaptation of the parental health beliefs scale.

AIM: This paper reports an adaptation of the English version of the Parental Health Beliefs Scale for use with Turkish parents and an evaluation of its psychometric properties. BACKGROUND: As a profession, nurses are particularly concerned with cross-cultural influences that affect the health beliefs of populations. Although the international literature describes questionnaires and specific scales in health promotion and health beliefs, adequate Turkish-language instruments are scarce. Therefore, suitable instruments need to be developed or adapted for the Turkish parents. METHOD: This was a psychometric study. A convenience sample (n=257) was recruited in 2003 from parents who attended a primary healthcare centre in Erzurum, Turkey. Translation and back-translation of the original English instrument and content validation by an expert panel were the first two steps. The third step was psychometric testing of the adapted instrument to establish internal consistency, inter-item correlation and construct validity. Data were collected using the Parental Health Beliefs Scale. Socio-demographic data were also collected. The investigators visited the centre every workday, and interviewed the samples. The parents read and self-completed the questionnaire. FINDINGS: Content validity procedure resulted in a final scale that consisted of 20 items. Cronbach's alpha was 0 x 75. Factor analysis yielded three factors related to chance, internality and powerful others. CONCLUSION: Although acceptable levels of reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Parental Health Beliefs Scale for parents were reached, cultural factors appeared to play a role in the applicability of the scale. Further validation research is therefore needed before the scale can be recommended for use in nursing research and practice.